א׳
א׳כָּל הָעוֹבֵר בִּשְׁגָגָה עַל אַחַת מִמִּצְוֹת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ כָּרֵת. הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבַּן חַטָּאת. וּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁיַּקְרִיב חַטָּאתוֹ עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ:
1Whenever a person inadvertently violates one of the negative commandments that involve a deed and for which one is liable for karet, he is obligated to bring a sin-offering. It is a positive commandment for him to offer a sin-offering for his inadvertent transgression.
ב׳וְכָל עֲבֵרָה שֶׁחַיָּבִין עַל זְדוֹנָהּ כָּרֵת חַיָּבִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָהּ חַטָּאת חוּץ מִשָּׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת. מְגַדֵּף. וּמְבַטֵּל מִילָה. וְקָרְבַּן פֶּסַח. הַפֶּסַח וְהַמִּילָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְחַטָּאת אֵין מְבִיאִין אֶלָּא עַל שִׁגְגַת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד יג) "אַחַת מִכָּל מִצְוֹת ה' אֲשֶׁר לֹא תֵעָשֶׂינָה". וְהַמְגַדֵּף מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה וְנֶאֱמַר (במדבר טו כט) "לָעוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה" יָצָא מְגַדֵּף שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה. לְפִיכָךְ הַמְקַבֵּל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בֵּאלוֹהַּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב כָּרֵת אִם הָיָה מֵזִיד נִסְקָל וְאִם קִבֵּל בִּשְׁגָגָה פָּטוּר מִן הַקָּרְבָּן לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה וְנֶאֱמַר (ויקרא ד כז) "בַּעֲשֹׂתָהּ אַחַת":
2All transgressions for which one is liable for karet for their willful violation, one is liable to bring a sin-offering for their inadvertent violation except for three transgressions: blasphemy, negating circumcision, and negating the Paschal sacrifice. Negating circumcision and the Paschal sacrifice does not require such an offering, because they are positive commandments and a sin-offering is brought only for the inadvertent violation of a negative commandment, as Leviticus 4:27 states that the offering should be brought for violating: "one of the commandments of God that forbids an act to be performed." And blasphemy does not involve a deed. Thus a sacrifice is not necessary, because Leviticus 4:27 states: "Acting in violation of one."
ג׳כָּל כְּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה חוּץ מִשָּׁלֹשׁ כְּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ אִם עָבַר הַיָּחִיד עַל אַחַת מֵהֶן בִּשְׁגָגָה מֵבִיא חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה חוּץ מִטָּמֵא שֶׁאָכַל קֹדֶשׁ וְטָמֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם אֵין מְבִיאִין חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה אֶלָּא קָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:
3With regard to all the transgressions punishable by karet in the Torah except for the three which were mentioned, if a private individual violated one of these prohibitions inadvertently, he must bring a fixed sin-offering with the exception of an impure person who partook of sacrificial meat and an impure person who entered the Temple. These two do not bring a fixed sin-offering, but rather an adjustable guilt-offering, as will be explained.
ד׳חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה הִיא הַבָּאָה מִן הַבְּהֵמָה בִּלְבַד וְקָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד הוּא קָרְבָּן שֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא אִם הָיָה עָשִׁיר מֵבִיא חַטַּאת בְּהֵמָה וְאִם הָיָה עָנִי מֵבִיא עוֹף אוֹ עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁכָּל הָעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁהַיָּחִיד מֵבִיא עַל שִׁגְגָתָן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: א) הַבָּא עַל אִמּוֹ. ב) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אִשְׁתּוֹ. ג) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אִמָּהּ. ד) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אָבִיהָ. ה) הַבָּא עַל בִּתּוֹ. ו) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בִּתּוֹ. ז) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בְּנוֹ. ח) הַבָּא עַל בַּת אִשְׁתּוֹ. ט) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בִּתָּהּ. י) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בְּנָהּ. יא) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹתוֹ. יב) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹתוֹ שֶׁהִיא בַּת אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו. יג) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אָבִיו. יד) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אִמּוֹ. טו) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אִשְׁתּוֹ. טז) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו. יז) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אֲחִי אָבִיו. יח) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת בְּנוֹ. יט) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו. כ) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ. כא) הַבָּא עַל הַנִּדָּה. כב) הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִם זָכָר. כג) הַבָּא עַל אָבִיו. כד) הַבָּא עַל אֲחִי אָבִיו. כה) הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִם בְּהֵמָה. כו) הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁמְּבִיאָהּ עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה. נִמְצְאוּ כָּל כְּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבַּעֲרָיוֹת עֶשְׂרִים וְשֵׁשׁ. וּבִשְׁאָר הָעֲבֵרוֹת שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: א) הָעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בְּמַעֲשֶׂה. ב) הַנּוֹתֵן מִזַּרְעוֹ לַמּלֶךְ. ג) בַּעַל אוֹב. ד) בַּעַל יִדְּעוֹנִי בְּמַעֲשֶׂה. ה) הַמְחַלֵּל אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. ו) הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. ז) הָאוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. ח) הָאוֹכֵל נוֹתָר. ט) הָאוֹכֵל חָמֵץ בְּפֶסַח. י) הָאוֹכֵל חֵלֶב. יא) הָאוֹכֵל דָּם. יב) הָאוֹכֵל פִּגּוּל. יג) הַשּׁוֹחֵט קָדָשִׁים חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה. יד) הַמַּעֲלֶה קָרְבָּן חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה. טו) הַמְפַטֵּם אֶת שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה. טז) הַמְפַטֵּם אֶת הַקְּטֹרֶת. יז) הַסָּךְ בְּשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁמְּבִיאִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה. וּמַה הוּא הַקָּרְבָּן שֶׁמֵּבִיא הַשּׁוֹגֵג בְּאַחַת מֵאֵלּוּ. אִם שָׁגַג בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מֵבִיא עֵז בַּת שְׁנָתָהּ לְחַטָּאת וְהִיא הָאֲמוּרָה בְּפָרָשַׁת שְׁלַח לְךָ בֵּין שֶׁהָיָה הַחוֹטֵא הֶדְיוֹט אוֹ מֶלֶךְ אוֹ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל אוֹ מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה הַכּל שָׁוִין בְּשִׁגְגַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. אֲבָל אִם שָׁגַג בְּאַחַת מִשְּׁאָר אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אִם הָיָה הֶדְיוֹט מֵבִיא שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים אוֹ נְקֵבָה מִן הַכְּבָשִׂים וְזוֹ הִיא חַטָּאת שֶׁל אֶחָד מֵעַם הָאָרֶץ הָאֲמוּרָה בְּפָרָשַׁת וַיִּקְרָא. וְאִם הַמֶּלֶךְ הוּא שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן מֵבִיא שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים לְחַטָּאת. וְאִם כֹּהֵן מָשׁוּחַ הוּא מֵבִיא פַּר בֶּן בָּקָר לְחַטָּאת וְהוּא נִשְׂרָף כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְפָּרֵשׁ שָׁם:
4Only an animal is brought as a fixed sin-offering. In contrast, an adjustable guilt-offering is a sacrifice whose object is not fixed. If one is rich, he must bring an animal as a sin-offering. If he is poor, he brings a fowl or a tenth of an ephah as a meal-offering, as will be explained. Thus all the sins for which a private person brings a fixed sin-offering are 43. They include:a) one who is intimate with his mother,b) one who is intimate with his wife's mother,c) one who is intimate with his maternal grandmother,d) one who is intimate with his paternal grandmother,e) one who is intimate with his daughter,f) one who is intimate with his daughter's daughter,g) one who is intimate with his son's daughter,h) one who is intimate with his wife's daughter,i) one who is intimate with the daughter of his wife's daughter,j) one who is intimate with the daughter of his wife's son,k) one who is intimate with his sister,l) one who is intimate with his sister who is the daughter of his father's wife,m) one who is intimate with his father's sister,n) m) one who is intimate with his mother's sister,o) one who is intimate with his wife's sister,p) one who is intimate with his father's wife,q) one who is intimate with the wife of his father's brother,r) one who is intimate with his son's wife,s) one who is intimate with his brother's wife,t) one who is intimate with another man's wife,u) one who is intimate with a woman in the niddah state,v) one who is intimate with a male,w) one who is intimate with his father,x) one who is intimate with his father's brother,y) one who is intimate with an animal,z) a woman who has an animal engage in relations with her. Thus all the prohibitions involving forbidden relations punishable by karet are 26.Among other sins, there are seventeen. They are: a) one who serves a false deity by performing a deed,b) one who gives his descendants to Molech,c) one who divines through an ov,d) one who performs a deed while divining with a yidoni,e) one who desecrates the Sabbath,f) one who performs forbidden labor on Yom Kippur,g) one who eats or drinks on Yom Kippur,h) one who eats chametz on Pesach,i) one who partakes of fat,j) one who partakes of blood,k) one who partakes of sacrificial meat after the time for eating it passes,l) one who partakes of sacrificial meat that was disqualified, because of an undesirable intent concerning time,m) one who slaughters a sacrificial animal outside the Temple Courtyard,n) one who offers a sacrifice outside the Temple Courtyard,o) one who prepares anointing oil like that used in the Temple,p) one who prepares incense like that used in the Temple,andq) one who anoints himself with the anointing oil of the Temple. These are the 43 transgressions for which one brings a fixed sin-offering for their inadvertent violation.What is the sacrifice that a person who inadvertently violates one of these transgressions should bring? If he inadvertently violated the prohibition against worshiping a false deity, he must bring a female goat in the first year of its life. This is the sacrifice mentioned in the portion Shelach Lecha. This applies whether the transgressor is an ordinary person, a king, a High Priest, or the priest anointed to lead the people in war. Every one is equal with regard to the inadvertent transgression of the worship of false divinities.If, however, one inadvertently violated one of the other 42 transgressions mentioned above, different rules apply. If the transgressor was an ordinary person, he should bring a she-goat or a ewe. This is the sin offering of one of the common people mentioned in the portion Vayikra. If the king inadvertently violated one of these trangressions, he should bring a male goat as a sin-offering. If the transgressor is an anointed priest, he should bring a bull, the offspring of an ox as a sin-offering. It is burnt, as described there.
ה׳אֶחָד יָחִיד שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵאֵלּוּ אוֹ מְרֻבִּין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו כט) "תּוֹרָה אַחַת תִּהְיֶה לָכֶם לָעשֶֹׁה בִּשְׁגָגָה". כֵּיצַד. אַנְשֵׁי מְדִינָה שֶׁשָּׁגְגוּ וְדִמּוּ שֶׁהַיּוֹם חֹל וַהֲרֵי הוּא יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וְכֻלָּן אָכְלוּ וְעָשׂוּ מְלָאכָה. כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן מֵבִיא שְׁתֵּי חַטָּאוֹת כְּבָשׂוֹת אוֹ שְׂעִירוֹת. וְכֵן אִם שָׁגְגוּ כֻּלָּן וְהִקְטִירוּ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִן הָעוֹבְדִים מֵבִיא עֵז בַּת שְׁנָתָהּ לְחַטָּאת:
5The same laws apply whether one person inadvertently violates one of these transgressions or many do, as implied by Numbers 15:29: "There will be one law for those who transgress inadvertently."What is implied? If the people of a city inadvertently transgressed and thought the day was an ordinary day, but it was Yom Kippur. As a result, they all ate and performed work, each one of the transgressors should bring two sin-offerings, ewes or she-goats. Similarly, if they all inadvertently transgressed and offered incense to a false deity, each one of the transgressors must bring a goat in its first year of life as a sin-offering.
ב׳
א׳אֵין אָדָם חַיָּב חַטָּאת עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה שׁוֹגֵג מִתְּחִלָּה וְעַד סוֹף אֲבָל אִם שָׁגַג בַּתְּחִלָּה וְהֵזִיד בַּסּוֹף אוֹ הֵזִיד בַּתְּחִלָּה וְשָׁגַג בַּסּוֹף פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן חַטָּאת. כֵּיצַד. כְּגוֹן שֶׁהוֹצִיא חֵפֶץ מֵרְשׁוּת לִרְשׁוּת בְּשַׁבָּת עָקַר בְּזָדוֹן וְהִנִּיחַ בִּשְׁגָגָה אוֹ שֶׁעָקַר בִּשְׁגָגָה וְהִנִּיחַ בְּזָדוֹן פָּטוּר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲקֹר בִּשְׁגָגָה וְיַנִּיחַ בִּשְׁגָגָה. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
1A person is not liable for a sin-offering for an inadvertent transgression unless he acts inadvertently from the beginning to the end. If, however, he acted inadvertently at the beginning, but acted willfully at the end or began acting willfully, but acted inadvertently at the end, he is exempt from the obligation to bring a sin-offering.What is implied? A person transferred an article from one domain to another on the Sabbath. If one lifted up the article willfully, but placed it down inadvertently or lifted it up inadvertently, but placed it down willfully, he is exempt. To be liable for a sin-offering, he must lift it up inadvertently and place it down inadvertently. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ב׳עָבַר עֲבֵרָה וְיוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהִיא בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה אֲבָל אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ כָּרֵת הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁגָגָה וּמֵבִיא חַטָּאת. אֲבָל אִם יָדַע שֶׁהִיא בְּכָרֵת וְשָׁגַג בְּקָרְבָּן וְלֹא יָדַע אִם חַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ קָרְבָּן אִם לָאו הֲרֵי זֶה מֵזִיד. שֶׁשִּׁגְגַת קָרְבָּן אֵינָהּ שְׁגָגָה בַּעֲבֵרוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁחַיָּבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כָּרֵת:
2If a person violated a transgression knowing that involved violation of a negative commandment, but he did not know that he is liable for karet for its violation, he is considered to have transgressed inadvertently and he must bring a sin-offering. If, however, he did know that it was punishable by karet, but was unaware of the obligation for a sacrifice, i.e., he did not know whether or not he was liable for a sacrifice for the transgression, he is considered to have acted willfully. For the lack of knowledge concerning a sacrifice is not considered as a lack of knowledge concerning these transgressions for which one is liable for karet.
ג׳מִי שֶׁלֹּא נוֹדַע לוֹ עַצְמוֹ שֶׁל חֵטְא שֶׁחָטָא. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּדַע בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁעָבַר עַל לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כָּרֵת. הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן חַטָּאת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ד כג) "אֲשֶׁר חָטָא בָּהּ" עַד שֶׁיֵּדַע הַחֵטְא שֶׁחָטָא בּוֹ. כֵּיצַד. חֵלֶב וְנוֹתָר לְפָנָיו וְאָכַל אֶת אֶחָד מֵהֶם וְאֵין יָדוּעַ אֵי זֶה אָכַל. אִשְׁתּוֹ נִדָּה וַאֲחוֹתוֹ בַּבַּיִת וְשָׁגַג וּבָא עַל אַחַת מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ אֵי זוֹ מֵהֶן בָּעַל. שַׁבָּת וְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים לְפָנָיו וְעָשָׂה מְלָאכָה בְּאֶחָד מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ בְּאֵי זֶה מֵהֶן עָשָׂה הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן חַטָּאת:
3When a person does not know the nature of the transgression that he violated, even though he definitely knows that he violated a negative commandment punishable by karet, he is exempt from bringing a sin-offering, as implied by Leviticus 4:23: "that he transgressed with regard to it," implying that he must know the transgression that he violated.What is implied? There was a piece of forbidden fat and meat from a sacrifice left beyond its permitted time before him and he partook of one of them, but did not know which he ate; his wife who was in the niddah state and his sister were at home, he inadvertently was intimate with one of them, but did not know with whom he had relations; the Sabbath and Yom Kippur passed, he performed a forbidden labor on one of them, but did not know on which, he is exempt from the obligation to bring a sin-offering.
ד׳חָטָא וְנוֹדַע לוֹ חַטָּאתוֹ וְחָזַר וּשְׁכָחוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מֵבִיא חַטָּאת לְשֵׁם מַה שֶּׁהוּא וְתֵאָכֵל כִּשְׁאָר חַטָּאוֹת הַנֶּאֱכָלוֹת:
4If a person transgressed, became aware of the transgression, and then forgot which transgression he violated, he should bring a sin-offering for whichever transgression he violated. This offering should be eaten, like the other sin-offerings that are eaten.
ה׳שָׁגַג בְּשֵׁם אֶחָד וְהֵם שְׁנֵי גּוּפִין חַיָּב. כֵּיצַד. שְׁתֵּי נִדּוֹת וְשָׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ אֵי זוֹ הִיא. שְׁתֵּי אֲחָיוֹת וְשָׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ אֵי זוֹ הִיא חַיָּב חַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי יָדַע עַצְמוֹ שֶׁל חֵטְא. לְמָה זֶה דּוֹמֶה לִשְׁתֵּי נֵרוֹת דּוֹלְקוֹת שֶׁכִּבָּה אַחַת מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ אֵי זוֹ נֵר הִיא. אוֹ לִשְׁנֵי תַּמְחוּיִין שֶׁל חֵלֶב שֶׁאָכַל מֵאֶחָד מֵהֶן וְאֵין יָדוּעַ מֵאֵי זֶה תַּמְחוּי מֵהֶן אָכַל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
5If one inadvertently committed one transgression, but there are two persons involved and he is unaware of the one with whom he committed the transgression, he is liable.What is implied? There were two women in the niddah state. Inadvertently, he was intimate with one of them, but he did not know with whom. He had two sisters. Inadvertently, he was intimate with one of them, but he did not know with whom. In these instances, he is liable for a sin-offering. To what can this be compared? To two lamps that are burning and one extinguished one of them on the Sabbath without knowing which one he extinguished or two pots of forbidden fat from which he ate one and yet, he did not know the identity of the one from which he ate.In these instances, he is liable. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ו׳כָּל הַמְחֻיָּב חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ וְעָשָׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה וְנוֹדַע לוֹ אַחַר שֶׁחָטָא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה לוֹ יְדִיעָה בַּתְּחִלָּה שֶׁזֶּה חֵטְא הוּא הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת. כֵּיצַד. תִּינוֹק שֶׁנִּשְׁבָּה לְבֵין הָעַכּוּ"ם וְגָדַל וְהוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ מַה הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא דָּתָם וְעָשָׂה מְלָאכָה בְּשַׁבָּת וְאָכַל חֵלֶב וְדָם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. כְּשֶׁיִּוָּדַע לוֹ שֶׁהוּא יִשְׂרָאֵל ומְצֻוֶּה עַל כָּל אֵלּוּ חַיָּב לְהָבִיא חַטָּאת עַל כָּל עֲבֵרָה וַעֲבֵרָה. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
6In all situations when a person is obligated to bring a fixed sin-offering for his inadvertent transgression and he transgressed inadvertently and he becomes aware of the transgression after violating it, he is liable for a sin-offering, even though initially, he was not aware that this act is a a transgression.What is implied? A child was captured by gentiles and raised by them without knowing who are the Jewish people or what their faith is. He performed labor on the Sabbath, ate forbidden fat, blood, and the like. When he discovers that he is Jewish and commanded to eschew all of the above, he is obligated to bring a sin-offering for every particular sin. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ז׳הַשּׁוֹגֵג בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה בַּעֲרָיוֹת אוֹ בְּמַאֲכָלוֹת אֲסוּרוֹת חַיָּב חַטָּאת. בְּשַׁבָּת פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת. כֵּיצַד. הָיָה מִתְעַסֵּק עִם אִשָּׁה וּבְעָלָהּ בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה לִבְעִילָה וַהֲרֵי הִיא עֶרְוָה עָלָיו. דִּמָּה שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁבְּפִיו רֹק הוּא וּבְלָעוֹ בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה לְשֵׁם אֲכִילָה בָּעוֹלָם וַהֲרֵי הוּא חֵלֶב הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת. נִתְכַּוִּן לְהַגְבִּיהַּ אֶת הַתָּלוּשׁ וְחָתַךְ אֶת הַמְחֻבָּר בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה לַחֲתִיכָתוֹ פָּטוּר. מְלֶאכֶת מַחֲשֶׁבֶת אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:
7When a person transgresses unintentionally by engaging in forbidden sexual relations or partaking of forbidden foods, he is liable for a sin-offering. If he does so with regard to the Sabbath, he is exempt from the obligation of a sin-offering.What is implied? If he was acting casually with a woman and engaged in relations with her without intending to engage in relations and she is forbidden to him as an ervah, he is liable for a sin-offering. This ruling also applies if he thought that what was in his mouth was spittle and he swallowed it without the intent of eating at all and then he discovered that it was forbidden fat. If, by contrast, his intent was to lift up produce that was already cut and instead, he cut off a plant that was growing without intending to cut it off, he is exempt from a sin-offering, for the Torah forbade only the performance of purposeful labor, as explained in the appropriate place.
ח׳כָּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת וּבִכְלַל עֲשִׂיָּתָהּ נַעֲשֵׂית עֲבֵרָה שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ כָּרֵת בִּשְׁגָגָה הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעָשָׂה בִּרְשׁוּת. כֵּיצַד. הַבָּא עַל יְבִמְתּוֹ וַהֲרֵי הִיא נִדָּה וְהוּא לֹא יָדַע. הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי עֲשָׂאָהּ בִּרְשׁוּת. אֲבָל אִם בָּא עַל אִשְׁתּוֹ וַהֲרֵי הִיא נִדָּה חַיָּב חַטָּאת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא שְׁאָלָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִבְעֹל. אֲבָל יְבִמְתּוֹ אֵינוֹ רָגִיל בָּהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁאַל לָהּ. וְכֵן מִי שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ שְׁנֵי תִּינוֹקוֹת אֶחָד לָמוּל בְּשַׁבָּת וְאֶחָד לָמוּל בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת אוֹ בְּאֶחָד בְּשַׁבָּת וְשָׁכַח וּמָל שְׁנֵיהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת. פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי יֵשׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת לָמוּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת וְשַׁבָּת דְּחוּיָה הִיא אֶצְלוֹ וּמִצְוָה עָשָׂה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם שְׁנֵי גּוּפִין הוֹאִיל וּזְמַנּוֹ בָּהוּל אֵינוֹ מְדַקְדֵּק. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶן רָאוּי לָמוּל בְּשַׁבָּת וְשָׁכַח וּמָל בְּשַׁבָּת מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לָמוּל בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּב חַטָּאת:
8Whenever one performs one of the mitzvot and while he was performing it, a transgression punishable by karet was violated inadvertently, he is not liable for a sin-offering, because the person was acting with license.What is implied? A man engaged in intimacy with his yevamah. She was in the niddah state, but he was unaware. He is exempt from a sin-offering, for he acted with license. If, by contrast, one was intimate with his wife when she was in the niddah state, he is liable, because he did not ask her before engaging in relations. With regard to his yevamah, however, he is not familiar with her, so that he might ask her.Similarly, if a person had two infants to circumcise, one, on the Sabbath, and one on Friday or on Sunday, should he have forgotten and circumcised them both on the Sabbath, he is exempt from bringing a sin-offering. For he was licensed to circumcise one of them on the Sabbath, the Sabbath laws are suspended in his regard, and he performed a mitzvah. Even though two bodies are involved, since it is a pressing time, he is not precise. If, however, neither of the children was scheduled to be circumcised on the Sabbath and on the Sabbath, he circumcised a person who was not fit to be circumcised on the Sabbath, he is liable for a sin-offering.
ט׳אֻמָּן שֶׁבָּא לָמוּל לִפְנוֹת הַיּוֹם בְּיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ לֹא נִשְׁאַר פְּנַאי בַּיּוֹם כְּדֵי שֶׁתָּמוּל וְאִם תַּתְחִיל לָמוּל לֹא תַּשְׁלִים עַד יְצִיאַת הַשַּׁבָּת וְנִמְצֵאתָ חוֹבֵל בְּשַׁבָּת וְלֹא עוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה. וְאָמַר רָגִיל אֲנִי וְזָרִיז וּבִמְהֵרָה אָמוּל. אִם לֹא הִשְׁלִים אֶלָּא עַד יְצִיאַת הַשַּׁבָּת הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי הִתְרוּ בּוֹ:
9The following rules apply when a proficient expert comes to circumcise a child before sunset on the Sabbath and he is told: "There is not enough time in the day left to perform the circumcision. If you begin circumcising, you will not be able to complete the act before the Sabbath departs. Thus you will have made a wound on the Sabbath without performing a mitzvah." If he says: "I am familiar with the task and deft and I will circumcise him speedily," should he not complete the circumcision until after the conclusion of the Sabbath, he is liable for a sin-offering, for they warned him.
י׳הַמּוֹצִיא אֶת הַלּוּלָב בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֵי לְצֵאת בּוֹ וְהֶעֱבִירוֹ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים בְּשׁוֹגֵג פָּטוּר שֶׁהֲרֵי בִּרְשׁוּת הוֹצִיא. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַפֶּסַח בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת וְנוֹדַע לוֹ אַחַר כֵּן שֶׁמָּשְׁכוּ הַבְּעָלִים אֶת יְדֵיהֶם אוֹ שֶׁמֵּתוּ אוֹ נִטְמְאוּ קֹדֶם שְׁחִיטָה. אוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצָא טְרֵפָה בַּסֵּתֶר כְּגוֹן נְקוּב מֵעַיִם אוֹ רֵאָה. הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁשָּׁחַט בִּרְשׁוּת. אֲבָל נִמְצָא בַּעַל מוּם אוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה טְרֵפָה גְּלוּיָה הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לִבְדֹּק וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִשְׁחֹט. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
10When a person takes a lulav out to the public domain on the first day of Sukkot which falls on the Sabbath in order to fulfill his obligation or carries it four cubits in the public domain inadvertently, he is exempt from a sin-offering, because he acted with license.Similarly, if one slaughters an animal for a Paschal sacrifice on the fourteenth of Nisan which fell on the Sabbath and afterwards, he discovered that the owners removed their connection from it, they died or became impure before it was slaughtered, or it became tereifah in a hidden place, e.g., its intestines or lungs were perforated, he is exempt, because he slaughtered it with license. If, however, it was discovered to be blemished or there was a readily apparent factor that caused it to be deemed tereifah, he is liable for a sin-offering, since he should have checked it before slaughtering. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
י״אשָׁחַט אֶת הַפֶּסַח בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמוֹ בְּטָעוּת פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַזֶּבַח כָּשֵׁר שֶׁעֲקִירַת שְׁמוֹ בְּטָעוּת אֵינוֹ עֲקִירָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת פְּסוּלֵי הַמֻּקְדָּשִׁין:
11If one slaughtered a Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath for the sake of another sacrifice in error, he is exempt, because the sacrifice is acceptable. For supplanting the designation of a sacrifice in error is not considered of consequence, as explained in Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim.
י״בשָׁחַט זְבָחִים אֲחֵרִים לְשֵׁם פֶּסַח בְּטָעוּת. אִם רְאוּיִין הֵם לְקָרְבַּן פֶּסַח פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן חַטָּאת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁשָּׁחַט בִּרְשׁוּת. אִם אֵינָן רְאוּיִין כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיְתָה נְקֵבָה אוֹ בֶּן שְׁתַּיִם חַיָּב חַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְקָרְבַּן פֶּסַח. וְכֵן אִם שָׁגַג וּשְׁחָטוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁלֹּא לְאוֹכְלָיו אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא לִמְנוּיָיו אוֹ לַעֲרֵלִים אוֹ לִטְמֵאִים חַיָּב חַטָּאת. שְׁחָטוֹ לְאוֹכְלָיו וְשֶׁלֹּא לְאוֹכְלָיו לִמְנוּיָיו וְשֶׁלֹּא לִמְנוּיָיו לְמוּלִים וְלַעֲרֵלִים לִטְמֵאִים וְלִטְהוֹרִים פָּטוּר. שֶׁהֲרֵי הַפֶּסַח כָּשֵׁר. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
12The following rules apply if, on the Sabbath, one slaughtered animals designated for other sacrifices for the sake of a Paschal sacrifice in error. If they are fit to serve as a Paschal sacrifice, he is free from the obligation of bringing a sin-offering, because he slaughtered with license. If they are not fit to serve as a Paschal sacrifice, e.g., the animal was female or in its second year of life, he is liable for a sin-offering, because they are not fitting for this sacrifice.Similarly, one is liable for a sin-offering if he slaughtered an animal as a Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath for the sake of individuals who cannot partake of it, for those who were not enumerated on it, for the uncircumcised, or for the ritually impure. If, however, he slaughtered it on the Sabbath for the sake of individuals who can partake of it and for those who cannot partake of it, for those enumerated on it and for those who were not enumerated on it, for the circumcised and for the uncircumcised, or for the pure and for the impure, he is exempt from bringing a sin-offering, because the Paschal sacrifice is acceptable. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
י״גהַשּׁוֹחֵט בְּשַׁבָּת קָרְבַּן צִבּוּר שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת וְיַקְטִיר אֵימוּרִים לָעֶרֶב. וְכֵן אִם שָׁחַט יֶתֶר עַל חוֹבַת הַיּוֹם חַיָּב חַטָּאת עַל הַתּוֹסֶפֶת:
13When a person slaughters an animal designated for a communal sacrifice on the Sabbath for an intent other than that for which it was designated, he is obligated to bring a sin-offering. Nevertheless, the fats and the organs from the sacrificial animal should be offered on the altar's pyre on Saturday evening. Similarly, if on the Sabbath one slaughtered other animals besides those required as the day's obligations, he is liable for a sin-offering for the additional animal.
י״דשָׁחַט קָרְבְּנוֹת יָחִיד שֶׁאֵין דּוֹחִים אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת בְּשַׁבָּת בִּשְׁגָגָה חַיָּב חַטָּאת וְהַבָּשָׂר מֻתָּר בַּהֲנָאָה. וְאֵין זוֹרְקִין אֶת הַדָּם. וְאִם עָבַר וְזָרַק דָּמָם לִשְׁמָן בֵּין בְּשׁוֹגֵג בֵּין בְּמֵזִיד עָלוּ לַבְּעָלִים לְשֵׁם חוֹבָה. וְיַקְטִיר אֵימוּרִין לָעֶרֶב וְהַבָּשָׂר יֵאָכֵל וְיָבִיא הַשּׁוֹחֵט חַטָּאת עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ:
14A person who slaughters animals for individual sacrifices whose offering does not supersede the Sabbath prohibitions on the Sabbath inadvertently is liable for a sin-offering. One is, however, permitted to benefit from the meat of those sacrifices and the blood should not be cast on the altar. If he transgressed and cast the blood on the altar for the intent of those sacrifices whether without knowing it is a transgression or knowingly, the owner is considered to have fulfilled his obligation, the organs and fats may be offered on the altar's pyre, and the meat should be eaten. The one who slaughtered the animal should bring a sin-offering for his inadvertent violation.
ט״והָיוּ לְפָנָיו שְׁתֵּי בְּהֵמוֹת שֶׁל צִבּוּר אַחַת כְּחוּשָׁה וְאַחַת שְׁמֵנָה וְהָיְתָה חוֹבַת הַיּוֹם בְּאַחַת בֵּין חַטָּאת בֵּין עוֹלָה וְשָׁגַג וְשָׁחַט הַשְּׁתַּיִם. אִם שָׁחַט כְּחוּשָׁה בַּתְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁחַט הַשְּׁמֵנָה פָּטוּר מִקָּרְבַּן חַטָּאת וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁאוֹמְרִים לוֹ הָבֵא שְׁמֵנָה וּשְׁחֹט לְכַתְּחִלָּה. אֲבָל אִם שָׁחַט הַשְּׁמֵנָה תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ הַכְּחוּשָׁה חַיָּב חַטָּאת עַל הַתּוֹסֶפֶת. נִמְצֵאת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה הַשְּׁמֵנָה טְרֵפָה בִּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא יָדַע שֶׁהִיא טְרֵפָה בְּעֵת שֶׁשָּׁחַט הַכְּחוּשָׁה וְלֹא לָזֶה נִתְכַּוֵּן הוֹאִיל וְנִשְׁחֲטָה הָאַחֲרוֹנָה כְּמִצְוָתָהּ הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת. וְכֵן הַפּוֹרֵס מְצוּדָה לְהַעֲלוֹת דָּגִים מִן הַיָּם בִּשְׁגָגָה וְהֶעֱלָה תִּינוֹק עִם הַדָּגִים בֵּין שֶׁשָּׁמַע שֶׁטָּבַע תִּינוֹק בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמַע הוֹאִיל וְהֶעֱלָה תִּינוֹק הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מֵחַטָּאת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה כַּוָּנָתוֹ אֶלָּא לָצוּד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה שׁוֹגֵג. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
15The following laws apply when, on the Sabbath, there were two animals designated for communal offerings before a priest, one lean, and one stocky, and the sacrificial obligation of the day required - as either a sin-offeringor a burnt-offering - the offering of only one of them and he inadvertently slaughtered them both. If he slaughtered the lean one first and afterwards, slaughtered the stocky one, he is exempt from the obligation to bring a sin-offering. Indeed, he is told: "Bring the stocky animal and slaughter it as an initial preference." If, however, he slaughtered the stocky animal initially and then the lean one, he is liable for a sin-offering for the additional slaughter.Nevertheless, in the latter instance, there is room for leniency if the stocky animal was slaughtered first and discovered to be tereifah because of a disqualifying factor in its intestines. Even though he did not know that the stocky one was tereifah when he slaughtered the lean one and he did not have that intent, since the last one was slaughtered as required by law, he is exempt from a sin-offering for its slaughter.A similar law also applies if one spreads out a net to catch fish at sea on the Sabbath unknowingly and lifts up a child with the fish, he is exempt from bringing a sin-offering. Even though his intent was only to catch fish, since he acted unknowingly and lifted up a child with the fish, he is exempt whether he heard that a child had fallen into the sea or not, he is exempt. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ט״זמִי שֶׁהָיָה לְפָנָיו בְּלֵילֵי הַפֶּסַח צָלִי שֶׁל פֶּסַח וְנוֹתָר מִן הַקָּדָשִׁים וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לֶאֱכל צָלִי שֶׁהוּא מִצְוָה וְשָׁגַג וְאָכַל הַנּוֹתָר הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב חַטָּאת שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא עָשָׂה מִצְוָה בַּאֲכִילָה זוֹ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
16When, on the night of Pesach, a person had roasted meat from the Paschal sacrifice and meat that was left over from other sacrifices before him and intended to partake of the roasted meat which is a mitzvah and inadvertently partook of the leftover meat, he is liable for a sin-offering, since he did not perform a mitzvah when eating. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.